Extrasystoles are heartbeats that occur earlier than expected during cardiac activity, temporarily interrupting its usual rhythm.
In physiological conditions, the heart is activated by specific cells of the activation and conduction tissue that generate and transmit the impulse of each single beat to the entire heart. The other cells are passively activated and give rise to the contraction of the cardiac muscle. When instead “anarchic” cells autonomously generate electrical impulses outside the physiological activation cycle, an extrasystole occurs. The patient who is affected feels a sensation described as a blow, a dip in the chest, a feeling of emptiness, a momentary lack of breath or sudden weakness, a fleeting sensation of fainting.
Depending on their origin, they can be distinguished into supraventricular and ventricular depending on the location of the focus that determines them.
The diagnosis is made with the electrocardiogram: the cardiologist raises the clinical suspicion that is confirmed when an abnormal heartbeat is recorded on the electrocardiogram, both standard and Holter (extended recording from 24 hours up to 7 and 15 days).
Supraventricular extrasystoles
They originate from the atria or from the junction between the atria and ventricles (Fig 1). In general, this entails a lower risk. However, they can be symptomatic and in some cases trigger sustained supraventricular arrhythmias such as paroxysmal tachycardia and atrial fibrillation.
The treatment of supraventricular extrasystoles therefore depends on the symptoms they cause and their role in causing more serious arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation.
In case of need for treatment, the first level consists of antiarrhythmic therapy.
Where pharmacological treatment is not effective, not tolerated or not accepted by the patient, the next step is ablative therapy.
The patient undergoes electrophysiological study and electroanatomical mapping of the atrial chambers and once the source has been identified it is neutralized by CT ablation (Fig 2).
Ventricular extrasystoles
These originate from the ventricular cavities which constitute the actual pumps that push blood into the cardiovascular system.
For this reason, arrhythmias that arise at this level are considered more important than those that originate from the atria (Fig 3).
Ventricular extrasystoles in healthy heart
Most ventricular extrasystoles are not dangerous, especially those that are not associated with concomitant heart disease. Ventricular extrasystoles in a normal heart very often originate from the part of the ventricles that goes towards the aorta (left ventricle) and the pulmonary artery (right ventricle), the latter being by far the most frequent. These are infundibular extrasystoles that are often symptomatic and bring the patient to the cardiologist even though they are not generally dangerous. The arrhythmologist, once identified, excludes the presence of an associated heart disease and decides on the treatment that will be applied only if they are very symptomatic or extremely numerous.
The first level of treatment is represented by the administration of antiarrhythmic drugs, the most commonly used of which are beta blockers. In case of ineffectiveness, intolerance or refusal of medical therapy, the patient is subjected to an electrophysiological study and electroanatomical mapping of the ventricular chambers and once the source focus has been identified, it is neutralized by CT ablation (Fig 4).
Extrasistoli ventricolari in cuore malato
In presenza di una cardiopatia concomitante il significato clinico delle extrasistoli ventricolari può essere differente poiché in presenza di una anomalia cardiaca strutturale o elettrica le extrasistoli possono costituire l’innesco di una aritmia rapida e prolungata che può provocare sintomi gravi e talora anche l’arresto cardiaco (fig 5).
Il cardiologo dovrà quindi verificare da quale tipo di cardiopatia sia affetto il paziente con extrasistolia ventricolare. Da un lato vi sono le cardiopatie causate da un disturbo della circolazione coronarica come l’infarto miocardico, le cardiopatie dovute ad anomalie delle valvole cardiache, le cardiopatie legate ad una malattia che colpisce le cellule muscolari cardiache (cardiomiopatie), quelle dovute a malformazioni congenite del cuore, quelle infiammatorie (miocarditi). Esistono poi malattie primitivamente elettriche del cuore dovute ad anomalie che interessano i canali ionici situati sulla membrana delle cellule cardiache. Anomalie di questo tipo, come quelle che si verificano nella Sindrome di Brugada, nel QT lungo, nel QT corto, e nelle tachicardie polimorfe adrenergiche, determinano una instabilità elettrica delle cuore che da un punto di vista morfologico-strutturale è del tutto normale.
La presenza di forme molto frequenti, con molte morfologie (polimorfe) e molto ravvicinate al battito che le precede (precoci) configura una situazione di maggior rischio. In casi come questi sarà necessario un trattamento. Tale trattamento sara’ diverso da caso a caso a seconda della cardiopatia sottostante e della modalità di presentazione delle extrasistoli.
Potrà valersi di farmaci antiaritmici e della ablazione transcatetere variamente combinati a seconda della situazione clinica del paziente anche perché il trattamento di questi pazienti deve includere anche la cura della cardiopatia di base.
(QT lungo) che provoca una aritmia ventricolare prolungata che provoca arresto cardiaco.
